When trail-blazing editor John W. Campbell of Astounding Science Fiction (eventually renamed Analog Science Fiction and Fact) boldly declared that mystery and science fiction genres were incompatible, Isaac Asimov disagreed. In response, Asimov wrote The Caves of Steel, successfully creating a futuristic whodunit and proving Campbell wrong. Today, it seems like a passé point that science fiction can be injected into any literary genre, but it took Asimov’s mid-twentieth century vision to help pave the way. Here are eight notable science fiction detective mashups for those who need a futuristic crime fix.
The Caves of Steel (novel, 1954) by Isaac Asimov
Elijah Baley is a New York City homicide detective living a few millennia into the future. He’s teamed with robot R. Daneel Olivaw to solve the murder of Daneel’s creator Dr. Sarton. Daneel is a first of his kind android that looks and acts human but whose knowledge of Earth is limited. Daneel admits, “I have been hurried into my role prematurely as a result of the murder.” Elijah, due to his bias against machines, immediately suspects his partner and attempts to implicate him on several different occasions. Complicating matters, the commissioner asks Elijah to provide accommodations for Daneel in Elijah’s apartment that he shares with his wife Jessie and their son Bentley. Elijah’s not sure how to explain his mechanical partner so he conceals the robot’s identity from his family since they are just as intolerant as he is toward machines. His wife, however, quickly discovers the truth and demands that he resign from the case. The reader will come to the conclusion long before Elijah that he and Daneel, given their diverse styles, meld very well—like a futuristic Holmes and Watson, following clues that lead to numerous suspects among both the humans and robots.
This novel was first serialized in Galaxy Magazine in 1953 with the hardcover edition following in 1954. Both characters went on to appear in several more Asimov novels including Naked Sun, The Robots of Dawn, and Robots and Empire. After winning a Retro Hugo award in 2004 and now sixty years later from its original release, The Caves of Steel proves to be a deserving classic.
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (novel, 1968) By Philip K. Dick
In the future (some recent editions have changed the setting from 1992 to 2021), World War Terminus has radically shifted the Earth’s population, and moving to a Mars colony is strongly encouraged by offering incentives like humanoid personal robots to individuals who abandon Earth. Those remaining on the plague-riddled home planet have predominantly relocated to the city’s decaying structures where they huddle together in bands. Animals have become expensive status symbols and many people like Rick Deckard and his wife own cheaper knock-off robotic animals that look like the real thing in hope of keeping up appearances. In this apocalyptic world (only one generation from now), many advanced androids have developed free will and have escaped their harsh imprisonment.
That’s where Deckard comes in, working for the police department tracking down androids—nicknamed andys—for a thousand dollars apiece. The latest Nexus-6 android type is particularly hard to distinguish from a human and “had from a sort of rough, pragmatic, no-nonsense standpoint evolved beyond a major—but inferior—segment of mankind.” [p.33] A co-worker of Deckard’s has been seriously wounded by a Nexus-6 and Deckard takes over the case using a Voigt-Kampff Altered Scale test that determines whether someone is human or andy. Deckard requests the Rosen Corporation that designed the Nexus-6 to provide an android group and a control group to make sure his polygraph-style equipment is workable. Rachel, a member of the company, is his first guinea pig. He immediately identifies her as an android though the corporation tells him she’s actually a human who lacks normal human empathy because she’s been raised on a spaceship with limited human interaction. Though Deckard is right, the company wants to discredit his test. Deckard eventually works through the maze of lies in his hunt for the rogue machines.
Today, PKD’s thought-provoking theme of what is self-will becomes even more intriguing as we move closer and closer to the rise of the inevitable positronic brains.
Note: PKD’s hugely influential novel has inspired three sequels written by hisfriend and fellow science fiction author K. W. Jeter.
“Death by Ecstasy” (short story, 1969) by Larry Niven
Gil Hamilton works for ARM whose three basic missions are to hunt organ-leggers (individuals that trade human organs on the black market), monitor world technology, and enforce fertility laws. In this first outing, an old friend and co-worker named Owen Jennison, who once saved Gil’s life in a mining accident, has been found dead. It appears Jennison had become a droud—a device that transfers an electric current to the brain—addict. The droud had been altered, administering ten times the normal charge which slowly killed Owen over a month’s time. When Jennison’s death is called a suicide, Gil begins his own investigation because he knows Owen wouldn’t have killed himself. Having psi powers coupled with telekinesis, Gil is able to use his phantom limb to hold a weapon and reach through walls.
“Death by Ecstasy” was followed by three other short stories and a novella, Patchwork Girl. All are collected in a handy 1995 omnibus, Flatlander, which includes an insightful afterword by Larry Niven who proposes that Poe’s “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” could be included on the detective science fiction shelf because “His murderous ape was more fiction than animal research.”
Blade Runner (film, 1982)
Though Ridley Scott’s third feature film Blade Runner, based on Philip K. Dick’s Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, was initially a commercial disappointment, it’s now rightfully regarded as a sci-fi classic. The film deviates from PKD’s original storyline (as do most adaptations of the author’s work) but stays faithful to Dick’s overall vision of a dark future where replicants (changed from andy’s in the original) have escaped from the “off world” and returned to Earth. Rutger Hauer as Roy Batty—the most advanced of the replicants—steals the show, especially with the memorable, “I’ve seen things you people wouldn’t believe. Attack ships on fire off the shoulder of Orion. I watched C-beams glitter in the dark near the Tannhauser gate. All those moments will be lost in time… like tears in rain… Time to die.”
Philip K. Dick saw roughly the opening 20 minutes of footage prior to his death and has been quoted by Paul Sammon (the author of Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner) as saying, “It was my own interior world. They caught it perfectly.” In 2007, after years of substandard and poorly edited films, Warner Bros. released a digitally re-mastered The Final Cutin time for the movie’s 25th anniversary.
Trivia: According to IMDb, in 1969, Martin Scorsese (Raging Bull, Taxi Driver, Goodfellas) and Jay Cocks (writer of Gangs of New York, The Age of Innocence) met PKD to discuss the possibility of adapting his novel into a film, but the project fell through. Interesting to imagine Scorsese’s favorite Robert “You talkin’ to me ?” DeNiro as the blade runner.
Dirk Gently’s Holistic Detective Agency (novel, 1987) by Douglas Adams
Douglas Adams described the Holistic Detective Agency as a “thumping good detective-ghost-horror-who dunnit-time travel-romantic-musical-comedy-epic” and he may have left out a few other descriptive sub-genres in this riotously entertaining modern classic by the talent who brought us The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy.
The story begins in a very fragmented approach, with several seemingly unrelated plot lines converging. Many billions of years ago the Salaxalans attempted to populate the Earth but instead their ship crashes killing all of them, but, thankfully for us, initiating the spark of life on Earth. The spirit of the engineer who screwed up the mission now wanders the planet hoping to undo his unfortunate mistake. He eventually influences Samuel Taylor Coleridge to compose “Kubla Khan” which will result in a domino effect and with a little help of a clandestine time machine keep the Salaxalan ship from being destroyed thus readjusting the engineer’s blunder. Whew! Yeah, the rich plot also throws in an electric monk, a woman looking for a date, a couch preposterously situated on a set of stairs that all comes together with the odd services of one Dirk Gently. Gently, who goes by a number of other names, is self-billed as a “holistic detective” who has a psychic gift, though he considers the skill as simply a “depressingly accurate knack for making wild assumptions.” Another madcap ride written by an author The Chicago Tribune summed up impeccably by saying, “Douglas Adams is the literary equivalent of ‘Monty Python,’ a writer whose prose shines a weird light on popular culture…”
Trivia: Dirk Gently’s Holistic Detective Agency has plot ingredients from two Doctor Whoepisodes starring Tom Baker: “Shada” (written by Adams) and “City of Death” (co-written by Adams with David Fisher and Graham Williams).
Minority Report (film, 2002)
In 2054, Captain John Anderton (Tom Cruise) is chief of a Washington, D.C., pre-crime police force. His team relies on visions of the future seen by mutated humans (floating in a tank and hardwired to computers) with precognitive abilities to stop criminals before they commit crimes. Due to success of the radical program, the city has been murder free for six years. Since the system is about to be implemented nationwide, an audit is begun by Danny Witwer (Colin Farrell) from the United States Justice Department. The review discovers that Anderton will kill a man named Leo Crow in the next 36 hours. When a fellow police officer named Fletcher tells him he doesn’t have to run, Cruisedelivers the line, “Everybody runs, Fletch.”
While on the lam, his investigation reveals the three pre-cogs see different visions of the future. The system combines the two reports that agree and then dumps the minority report in deep storage within the conflicting pre-cog (usually the Agatha pre-cog who Anderton ends up taking with him on the run).
Director Spielberg described the film as “fifty percent character and fifty percent very complicated storytelling with layers and layers of murder mystery and plot.” Next to Blade Runner (I’ll even toss in the lighter original Total Recall), Minority Reportis the most satisfying to date adaptation of a Philip K. Dick novel.
Trivia: According to the invaluable IMDb, the “PreCogs” were named after the famous mystery writers Dashiell Hammett, Arthur Conan Doyle, and Agatha Christie.
I, Robot (film, 2004)
In 2035, robots are programmed with the Three Laws of Robotics directives: to never harm a human or let a human come to harm, to always obey humans unless this violates the First Law, and to protect its own existence unless this violates the First or Second Laws.
Will Smith plays Del Spooner, a Chicago police detective who has a deep prejudice against machines ever since a robot saved his life in a drowning car but let a twelve-year-old girl in another vehicle perish because the machine calculated that Smith had a better percentage of survival.
The main plot concerns Dr. Alfred Lanning (James Cromwell) co-founder of U.S. Robotics (USR) who dies of an apparent suicide after falling several stories. Spooner quickly establishes that Lanning was murdered but no one believes him and he’s ordered to drop the case. Spooner tells a scientist who ends up helping him, “Does thinking you’re the last sane man on the face of the Earth make you crazy? Because if it does maybe I am.” He begins following clues left behind by Lanning—in a kind of Hansel-&-Gretel-like crumbs storyline—leading to a possible “ghost in the machine” that might allow robots to naturally evolve. Spooner’s investigation reveals a robot named Sonny who asks the very uncharacteristic question, “Who am I?”
I, Robot is fairly straightforward with what one has come to expect from over-the-top summer blockbusters starring Smith, and though it bears little resemblance to Asimov except a general premise, it’s still a guilty pleasure.
The Automatic Detective (novel, 2008)
The Automatic Detective by A. Lee Martinez features the seven-hundred pound, seven-foot tall man made of metal, Mack Megaton. He was originally designed to destroy things, but he’s been reprogrammed (developing free will thanks in part to a glitch) and instead drives a cab in Empire City, trying to fit in with a “desire to be a productive member of society.” Mack’s slide into becoming an amateur detective occurs when he discovers the neighboring family is missing.
The Automatic Detective is a high energy juggernaut from start to finish and though you can point to references from other books and movies, it doesn’t detract. Mr. Martinez makes the characters fresh enough that you feel like this is the first time you’ve been down the ‘lone knight errant detective against the world’ road. You just know Mack, like Philip Marlowe and Spenser before him, will keep going until the job is done, the family is located, and wrongs are righted. Of course, not before he bumps into other colorful characters like the talking gorilla, sexy dames, and a green mob boss. What starts out as a search for the missing Bleakers spirals into bigger troubles that strike at the heart of Empire City. But not to fear, as Mack says when he begins his search through the darkened alleys, “I wasn’t built to back down.” Somewhere Sam Spade is smiling.
There are many more memorable science fiction mash-ups including China Miéville’s The City and The City, The Retrieval Artist novels by Kristine Kathryn Rusch, When Gravity Failsby George Alec Effinger, Hal Clement’s Needle, and Altered Carbonby Richard K. Morgan. I’d like to hear which book or film you would add to the list.
David Cranmer is the publisher of the BEAT to a PULP webzine and books and editor of the recent collections The Lizard’s Ardent Uniform and Other Stories and A Rip Through Time: The Dame, the Doctor, and the Device.
